Discussion and conclusion

The climate system is a collection of complex and non-linear operating spheres including the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Due to strong linkages between these spheres, changes and variability in parameters and processes of these individual spheres can cause change and variability throughout the climate system. Climate change can be caused by human activities and natural events including volcanic eruptions and orbital variability. The international scientific community is highly confident that climate change will occur throughout the 21st century, caused by human activities including greenhouse gas production and land use changes. The impacts of this climate change include rising sea levels, deforestation and dry land degradation, as well as increased natural disasters. It is recognized that these changes will pose severe challenges on development and livelihoods, settlement options, food production, and disease. In turn, these environmental events and processes are feared to likely lead to large-scale displacements of people, both internally and internationally.

Sustainable Development Goals:

Climate Action

Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions