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This volume of the ICJ’s signature series includes the second set of decisions taken by the International Court of Justice in 2012. The I.C.J. Reports 2012 consists of two hard-bound volumes with a comprehensive index.

This study examines the external debt vulnerabilities of developing countries through the lens of their financial integration profiles. Three groups of countries are identified: Emerging-Market Economies (EMEs), mostly upper-middle-income developing countries that have integrated into global capital markets since the 1990s; Frontier-Market Economies (FMEs), defined here as the group of developing countries with mainly low- or lower-middle-income levels that began to access these markets after the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 (GFC), and Other Developing Economies (ODEs), which are associated with low degrees of integration into the international capital markets and rely mainly on external public financing and Official Development Assistance (ODA). The analysis employs the sovereign debt life cycle framework to highlight differences in debt acquisition, servicing, repayment, and resilience across these groups. EMEs have the highest exposure to private creditors, with 67 per cent of their Public and Publicly Guaranteed (PPG) debt privately held in 2022. FMEs’ exposure to private creditors has doubled since 2010, reaching 32 per cent, while ODEs maintain low private-sector exposure at 17 per cent. This creditor composition influences financial outcomes, with EMEs experiencing the largest negative net transfers in 2022 (-$32 billion), compared to FMEs (-$2.2 billion) and ODEs (+$10.2 billion). FMEs face significant challenges due to speculative-grade sovereign bonds, higher borrowing costs, and rising external debt servicing. Between 2010 and 2023, external interest costs for FMEs grew by 15.5 per cent annually, double the rate for EMEs and ODEs. Debt service relative to government revenues surged from 6.3 per cent to 14.7 per cent for FMEs, compared to 3 per cent for EMEs and 7.3 per cent for ODEs. The external debt service-to-export ratio for FMEs tripled to 18.7 per cent, exacerbating their solvency risks. Access to the Global Financial Safety Net (GFSN) is uneven across these groups, with EMEs benefiting from regional financial arrangements and bilateral swap lines. At the same time, FMEs and ODEs primarily rely on IMF conditional financing. Rising debt service costs outpacing export and revenue growth threaten external and public financial sustainability, especially for FMEs and ODEs. Between 2017 and 2023, two-thirds of developing countries saw worsening financial sustainability, with external and public debt draining resources for development goals. The report underscores the need for transformative reforms in the global financial system to reduce financing costs and improve debt dynamics. Although changes will be gradual and apply mainly to new borrowing, addressing these challenges is critical to supporting sustainable development and achieving the 2030 Agenda and Paris Agreement goals.

This report underscores the critical role of promoting local pharmaceutical production in Africa, driven by objectives like improved access to medicines, strategic health security and economic development. It articulates a comprehensive framework for evaluating and supporting investment in local production, addressing both the benefits and the challenges of such an initiative.

In the context of digital transformation and rapid advances in information and communication technologies, as well as urbanization and climate change, effective land administration has become increasingly important. The UNECE Working Party on Land Administration has explored the interconnected roles of ecosystems (organizational structures and interactions among key actors) and security (examined at three levels: tenure security, system integrity, and data protection) as essential components of sustainable land management, focusing on how these elements can address challenges posed by global megatrends. This publication highlights the importance of cadastral systems, innovative technologies, geospatial data and formalization of informal constructions in securing land tenure, improving governance, and mitigating disaster risks. These tools are vital for fostering resilient, inclusive land management practices across the UNECE region and beyond, supporting efforts to safeguard data integrity and enhance land governance in the face of emerging global challenges. Reflecting the collaborative work of the UNECE Working Party, this document offers strategic insights and practical solutions for strengthening land administration systems in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals.

This report by UNFPA and UNICEF is the result of a review of the interagency humanitarian response and analyses how the multi-sector needs of adolescent girls are addressed within humanitarian efforts responding to the crisis in Northeast Nigeria. The review was carried out using a participatory approach that included adolescent girls as well as multiple local and women-led organizations. The Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe (BAY) States of northeast Nigeria have been acutely affected by conflict, disaster, displacement, and insecurity. Adolescent girls are historically overlooked in humanitarian responses and rarely have opportunity to participate in needs assessment and monitoring efforts. This review was the first of its kind and looked at the gaps in the humanitarian response, identified promising practices and evidence-based programming that should be scaled up, and identified actions for all stakeholders in the humanitarian system to take to ensure adolescent girls’ needs are identified and met in northeast Nigeria and other humanitarian contexts.

Tourism constitutes a driving force for economic development. It can improve the livelihoods of local communities and contribute to inclusive economic growth and the alleviation of poverty. Additionally, vast potential for synergistic interactions along the tourism value chain exists, and tourism can create positive externalities that spill over into the wider economy. It can accelerate the structural transformation of economies and provide opportunities in related sectors, for instance, in connection with local food supplies or circular solutions for waste management. At the same time, unfettered growth can also create challenges such as environmental degradation, increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and sociocultural deterioration. There is, thus, a need to build the tourism sector on a foundation of sustainability. If appropriately promoted and regulated, investment in the tourism sector can foster long-term economic growth, create quality employment, empower disadvantaged groups and local communities, champion social inclusion, accelerate innovation and the use of technology, support environmental protection and the adoption of measures for climate change mitigation and adaptation. The Guiding Principles for Sustainable Investment in Tourism, jointly developed by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and UN Tourism, acknowledge the vital role sustainable tourism can play in achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They create a framework for policies that aim to attract sustainable investment in tourism. They offer a roadmap to achieve a set of multifaceted objectives by aligning four dimensions of investment policymaking for sustainable tourism: the governance, economic, sociocultural and environmental dimensions. These four constituent dimensions of the principles are connected and interacting, and many of the principles therein mutually support one another. Sustainable investment in tourism takes all four dimensions into account and creates inclusive long-term growth that aligns in all aspects with the SDGs. The Guiding Principles were created to support the establishment, at the subnational, national and international levels, of appropriate policies, guidelines, institutions and regulations, in accordance with national priorities and legislation, for promoting and supporting sustainable tourism development. They have been inspired by various sources of international law and policy.

This volume of the ICJ’s signature series includes the second set of decisions taken by the International Court of Justice in 2007. The I.C.J. Reports 2007 consists of two hard-bound volume with a comprehensive index.

This is the official record of the Report of the Committee on Conferences for 2023.

This is the official record of the Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization 2024.

This is the official record of the Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization 2022.