Life Below Water
Kонвенция по трансграничным водам помогает странам адаптироваться к изменению климата и снизить риск бедствий
В последнее десятилетие важная часть программы работы по Конвенции по трансграничным водам была посвящена изучению последствий изменения климата и содействию адаптации к изменению климата в трансграничных бассейнах. Сотрудничество между странами в общем бассейне расширяет возможности для адаптации к более значительной изменчивости климата. Было показано, что сотрудничество в масштабах всего бассейна улучшает возможности для предотвращения и сокращения воздействия засухи и наводнений. Подходы, разработанные и рекомендованные Конвенцией по трансграничным водам, помогают странам определять меры и устанавливать источники финансирования по адаптации к изменению климата и снижению риска бедствий.
Acknowledgements
The Trade and Environment Review 2023: Building a Sustainable and Resilient Ocean Economy beyond 2030 was prepared by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) with substantive contributions from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The report team was comprised of Lahsen Ababouch, FAO Senior Adviser (fisheries) and, from the Trade, Environment, Climate Change and Sustainable Development Branch of the UNCTAD Division on International Trade and Commodities, David Vivas Eugui (Chief of Section), Claudia Contreras, Henrique Pacini and Carla Vaca Eyzaguirre (Economic Affairs Officers), and Maria Durleva and Ludovic Arnaud (Ocean Economy Experts).
La Convention sur l’eau améliore la gouvernance de l’eau aux niveaux national et transfrontière
La Convention sur l’eau exige des Parties riveraines qu’elles concluent des accords, instaurent des organes communs, qu’elles tiennent des consultations, échangent les informations et prennent des mesures pour assurer une gestion coopérative des eaux transfrontières. Au cours des 30 dernières années, les Parties ont accumulé une vaste expérience sur l’élaboration et la mise en place de tels accords, et sur l’organisation d’organes communs de coopération relative aux eaux transfrontières. Beaucoup d’accords et d’organes conjoints mis en place par les Parties sont des exemples éloquents de coopération et de gouvernance des eaux transfrontières.
Annex I
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
Example of the application of port performance indicators; The case of the port authority of valencia
As previously explained, this document includes a series of performance indicators that can be applied to each port body insofar as their respective situation and characteristics allow for this. To this end, the final output obtained is a set of indicators that can be used by each port authority insofar as it believes that the indicators are more or less suited to its distinctive features. This set of indicators will allow for its own situation to be monitored and compared with its counterparts.
Acknowledgements
Since 1996, the UNCTAD TrainForTrade Port Management Programme (PMP) has been contributing to the development of the capacities of maritime and inland ports. This has encouraged the strengthening of port communities as a whole, providing specific and practical support towards the development of efficient, competitive, modern and sustainable ports; thus, enabling national, regional and international trade in accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
New proposal for port performance indicators
Many areas of port management, such as operations, finance and security, measure port performance as part of commonly accepted practices. Therefore, there already exists a series of relevant indicators that were addressed in previous editions of this publication. The difficulties in obtaining information to assess performance are widely documented in the specialised literature, and are due, in part, to the diversity and dispersion of ownership of the relevant data. However, in this review, and thanks to the advantages of data processing and process automation digitalisation, more information and indicators that can be used to measure port performance are available.
Agradecimientos
El Programa de Gestión Portuaria (PGP) TrainForTrade de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) contribuye desde 1996 al desarrollo de las capacidades de los puertos marítimos y fluviales de los países, promoviendo el fortalecimiento del conjunto de las comunidades portuarias y brinda apoyo concreto y práctico para el desarrollo de puertos eficientes, competitivos, modernos y sustentables, que permiten el intercambio de comercio a nivel nacional, regional e internacional conforme a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de Naciones Unidas.
Other case studies
As previously mentioned, ports use their port performance outputs to make the strategic, structural, operational or other adjustments necessary to improve their competitiveness. Furthermore, the interest in measuring port performance is increasing, with efforts to measure both port and supply chain performance, thus encompassing a distinct and diverse group of stakeholders (Notteboom, Pallis, & Rodrigue, 2022).
Innovations for more effective policymaking
When looking at the life cycle of a product, it is convenient to consider it as a linear process that starts off with extraction from the Earth (land, water or air) and ends with the end-of-life processes ending with disposal to the Earth. However, when looking at the waste system it can be seen from Figure 5 that it is a complex web and there is no single way of arriving at ‘the’ waste solution. The same applies with approaches to arrive at actions to reduce waste disposal so it is worthwhile to consider integrated thinking and use several approaches. Three approaches considered here, systems, design and behavioural thinking were used at the Expert Group Meeting to reveal aspects of solid waste policy design. These approaches can all be applied to strengthen policymaking and planning for effective waste minimization and resource efficiency.
The world we want
The current trajectory of waste in the world shows continuing increases. A long-term outcome of this trajectory is depletion of the planet’s resources, to the extent that humankind will run out of resources at the current rate of development. Coupled with resource depletion is the assimilative capacity of the planet for waste. Waste is an indicator of inefficiency in the life cycle of a product and in the economy overall.
Introduction
Within a sustainable ocean economy, seaweed collection, culture, processing, and trade is one of the sectors with the most opportunities to achieve sustainable growth by 2030 (UNCTAD, 2023a). Seaweed farming culture is closely linked to food security, income, livelihoods, and traditional knowledge of rural coastal communities, particularly for women and Indigenous Peoples. The value of the seaweed sector remains mostly underappreciated and untapped, while it shows clear growth potential beyond its current markets (World Bank, 2023a).
Introduction
The 1991 Guide “Marine Scientific Research: A Guide to the implementation of the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea” advises States of the means by which articles in the Convention could be implemented by coastal and researching States. It has proven useful in implementing the marine scientific research regime as contained in the Convention. However, in almost two decades, several trends have become apparent that suggested a need to reassess the Guide. Of particular importance are trends in marine data acquisition, marine data dissemination, and the emergence of large-scale, international collaborative programmes.
Transports à la CEE-ONU
La Division des transports durables de la Commission économique des Nations Unies pour l’Europe assure le secrétariat du Comité des transports intérieurs (CTI) de la CEE-ONU et du Comité d’experts du transport des marchandises dangereuses et du système général harmonisé de classification et d’étiquetage des produits chimiques du Conseil économique et social de l’ONU. Le CTI et ses dix-sept groupes de travail, tout comme le Comité d’experts du Conseil économique et social et ses sous-comités, sont des organes intergouvernementaux dont les travaux visent à améliorer, de façon mesurable, l’économie mondiale et la vie quotidienne de la population par le biais de décisions concrètes qui permettent d’augmenter la sécurité du transport, les performances environnementales, l’efficacité énergétique et la compétitivité du secteur.
Experience of states in implementing the provisions of the convention related to marine scientific research
This section provides some information on the experience of States in implementing the provisions of the Convention on marine scientific research. This information, which is publicly available, is drawn from, inter alia, the results of Questionnaire No. 3 on marine scientific research and transfer of marine technology of the Advisory Body of Experts on the Law of the Sea of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, as well as information from the experience of the Group of Experts.
Transport in UNECE
The UNECE Sustainable Transport Division is the secretariat of the Inland Transport Committee (ITC) and the ECOSOC Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. The ITC and its 17 working parties, as well as the ECOSOC Committee and its sub-committees are intergovernmental decision-making bodies that work to improve the daily lives of people and businesses around the world, in measurable ways and with concrete actions, to enhance traffic safety, environmental performance, energy efficiency and the competitiveness of the transport sector.
Conclusions
It has been well-established that the current rate of global natural resource exploitation is unsustainable, as are the production and consumption patterns. The demand for resources also creates large quantities of waste which impacts all 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Without a change in the current trends, waste production is on track to increase by 73 per cent by 2050.
Otros casos prácticos
Como se ha venido apuntando, los puertos utilizan sus resultados de desempeño portuario para realizar los ajustes estratégicos, estructurales, operativos u otros necesarios para mejorar su competitividad. Además, el interés por medir el rendimiento a nivel de la industria portuaria está en expansión, con esfuerzos para medir tanto el rendimiento de los puertos, como el de las cadenas de suministro, englobando, por tanto, un grupo diferenciado y heterogéneo de actores (Notteboom, Pallis, & Rodrigue, 2022).
Nouvelle proposition d’indicateurs de performance portuaire
Dans la pratique portuaire, il était déjà communément admis de suivre les performances des ports dans de nombreux aspects de la gestion portuaire, comme les opérations, les finances ou la sécurité. Ces performances ont donc déjà été abordées dans les éditions précédentes de cette publication et font l’objet d’une série d’indicateurs pertinents. La difficulté à obtenir des informations pour évaluer les performances est largement documentée dans la littérature spécialisée, notamment en raison de la diversité et de la dispersion de la propriété des données en question. Toutefois, dans la présente révision, et grâce aux avantages apportés par la numérisation dans le traitement des données et l’automatisation des processus, nous disposons de davantage d’informations, et donc de davantage d’indicateurs pour mesurer la performance portuaire.
Autres cas pratiques
Comme nous l’avons vu précédemment, les ports utilisent leurs résultats de performance portuaire pour procéder aux ajustements stratégiques, structurels, opérationnels ou autres nécessaires pour améliorer leur compétitivité. De plus, la mesure du rendement fait l’objet d’un intérêt croissant dans l’industrie portuaire, qu’il s’agisse de mesurer le rendement des ports ou celui des chaînes d’approvisionnement, englobant ainsi un groupe varié et hétérogène d’acteurs (Notteboom, Pallis, & Rodrigue, 2022).
Anexo I
Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) adoptados por las Naciones Unidas en 2015 constituyen un llamamiento universal para poner fin a la pobreza, proteger el planeta y garantizar que en el año 2030 todas las personas disfruten de paz y prosperidad.
Annexe I
Les Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) adoptés par les Nations Unies en 2015 sont un appel mondial à agir pour éradiquer la pauvreté, protéger la Planète et faire en sorte que tous les êtres humains vivent dans la paix et la prospérité d’ici à 2030.
مقدمة
لقد أعدت شعبة شؤون المحيطات وقانون البحار، التابعة لمكتب الشؤون القانونية بالأمانة العامة للأمم المتحدة، سلسلة من المنشورات والدراساتبغرض تيس ي الوصول لفهم أفضل لقانون ا لبحار الدو ي لى الحديث ، وذلك عل النحو ال ي مب ي بصفة خاصة ف اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لقانون البحار لعام 1982 باسم "اتفاقية )المشار إليها فيما ي ي ل عام 1982 "(،و كذلك لإتاحة التوجيه اللازم لتفس ي الاتفاقية وتطبيق أحكامها، فض ا ل عن القواعد الأخرى، وذلك للاستخدام من قبل الحكومات، والوكالات المتخصصة ضمن منظومة الأمم المتحدة، والمؤسسات الأكاديمية وغ يها من ال جهات غ ي الحكومية أو الأفراد.
المعاي ي والقواعد المنطبقة على تعي ن ي الحدود البحري ة
يخضع تعي ي الحدود البحرية لمجموعة قوان ي تطورت من خلال التدوين )التقن ي( codification ي أحكام المعاهدات. كما كما هو مب ي ف والتطوير التدري ر ي ج أسهم فقه السوابق القضائية ل محكمة العدل الدولية ومحاكم التحكيم المخصصة ad hoc tribunals إسهاما كب يًا ي تط و ف ر تعي ي الحدود البحرية .
الجوانب العملية للمفاوضا ت
يتطلب التفاوض عل تعي ي الحدود البحرية خر يات متعددة التخصصات تغ ي ط المجالات السياسية والقانونية والتقنية. ي إعطاء قدر كب ي من الاهتمام لذا ينب ع للجوانب العملية جميع مراحل ي ف تلك المفاوضات، بدءاً من الأعمال التحض يية وح ر ت وضع الصيغة النهائية للاتفاق . ويسلط هذا الفصل الضوء عل بعض النقاط ا لمهمة ال ر ي ت يتع ي ع ل ي الاعتبار . الأطراف وضعها ف
الأساليب المنطبقة على تعي ن ي الحدود البحرية
لقد تم تعريف خط تساوي الأبعاد ف المادة 12 من اتفاقية جنيف لعام 1958 بشأن البحر الإقلي ي م والمنطقة المتاخمة والمادة 15 من اتفاقية عام 1982 بأنه الخط الذي ي "تكون كل نقطة عليه متساوية ف بعدها عن أقرب النقاط عل خط الأساس الذي يقاس منه عرض البحر الإقلي ي م لكل من الدولت ي" . وتتضمن اتفاقية جنيف بشأن الجرف القاري لعام 1958 تعريف ا مماث ا ل يفرق ب ي الدول ذات السواحل الم تلاصق ة والدول ذات السواحل المتقابلة، و ال ر ي ت يستخد م معها مصطلح " خط الوسط "، وإن كان هذا الخط، من الناحية التقنية، يُعَد كذلك خطاً لتساوي ا لأبع اد.
Climate change, fishing fleets and fishing ports
Climate change has a significant impact on the fisheries sector, fishing fleets and fishing ports. It is causing rising sea levels, warmer water temperatures, ocean acidification and deoxygenation, which affect fishing activities, especially in LDCs and SIDS.
Acknowledgements
This publication was produced by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), on the basis of a study coordinated by the UNCTAD Division on International Trade and Commodities, in collaboration with the UNCTAD Division on Technology and Logistics.
Technological opportunities and challenges of alternative energy options for fishing fleets
The increasing demand for renewable and modern technology for both electricity and fuels present potential opportunities for developing countries. Among the top ten countries in renewable electricity output are China, India and Brazil (IRENA, 2023a). China is the global leader in renewable energy production, especially solar panels, wind turbines and batteries (IRENA, 2019). According to a recent Patent Landscape Report of the World Intellectual Property Organization, China was the top origin of patent filings related to hydrogen fuel cells in transportation (WIPO, 2022). Africa’s abundant resources of sun, wind and rare earths make the continent a major participant in renewable energy in the coming decades. Furthermore, Africa can play a crucial role in the development of the hydrogen economy (UNCTAD, 2023d). Latin America is an important player in the generation of hydroelectricity, and Argentina, Bolivia and Chile contain the largest reserves of lithium necessary for the energy transition.
Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement as applied to fisheries
NDCs are central to achieving the Paris Agreement’s long-term goal of limiting global temperature rise this century to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. NDCs present best endeavour commitments of individual countries to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Contributions are voluntary and flexible in nature and subject to continuous improvement and monitoring through subsequent submissions and the global stocktake exercise (UNFCCC, 2023).