الزراعة والتنمية الريفية والغابات

Despite their enormous assets and contribution to society, indigenous women still suffer from multiple discrimination, both as women and as indigenous individuals. They are subjected to extreme poverty, trafficking, illiteracy, lack of access to ancestral lands, non-existent or poor health care and to violence in the private and the public sphere. The present publication contains cases submitted by the different UN agencies about their work with indigenous women in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

This publication provides practical guidance on the integration of a gender perspective throughout the work of investigative bodies or entities, from the planning phase to the investigations and to writing the report and presenting its findings. It should be read in conjunction with existing OHCHR guidance in the Manual on Human Rights Monitoring and Commissions of Inquiry and Fact-finding Missions on International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Guidance and Practice. The publication specifically aims to strengthen the content of human rights reports in order to accurately depict the different experiences of women, men, girls and boys. It is primarily aimed at United Nations Human Rights Officers, especially those performing investigative functions, including with CoIs/FFMs. It may also be used as a reference material for the human rights monitoring, analysis and reporting performed by OHCHR field presences or as part of peace operations mandated by the Security Council and overseen, managed and supported by OHCHR. States Parties, regional mechanisms, national human rights institutions, national commissions of inquiry, civil society organizations and others could also benefit from guidance on how to integrate a gender perspective into monitoring and investigating human rights violations and abuses.

This publication looks at the benefits of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) when placed in the hands of men and women working in agriculture and in rural areas. It examines the challenges to be overcome and makes recommendations so that rural communities can take full and equal advantage of the technologies. FAO’s E-agriculture 10 Year Review Report on implementation of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) of the Action Line C7. ICT Applications: e-agriculture concludes that while substantial progress has been made in making ICTs available and accessible for rural communities, challenges remain with respect to the following seven critical factors for success: content, capacity development, gender and diversity, access and participation, partnerships, technologies, and finally, economic, social, and environmental sustainability. This publication analyses with the gender lens the seven factors of success, followed by an overview of the general existing barriers to women’s access to, control and use of ICTs. Finally, it offers a series of recommendations for better integration of gender in ICT initiatives, based on gender mainstreaming throughout the seven critical factors of success, illustrated with concrete examples.

Hoy, la mitad de todos los migrantes internacionales – 95 millones – son mujeres y niñas. No obstante, pese a sus sustanciales contribuciones a sus familias en el lugar de origen y a las comunidades en el extranjero, se sigue pasando por alto y haciendo caso omiso a sus necesidades. El informe de este año examina el alcance y la magnitud de la migración de mujeres, los efectos de las remesas que éstas envían al lugar de origen para apoyar a sus familias y comunidades, y su desproporcionada vulnerabilidad a la trata, la explotación y el abuso.

The whole world has been talking about carbon credits, carbon trading and emissions targets. But not enough has been said about the people whose activities contribute to those emissions or about those who will be most affected by climate change, especially women. How do population dynamics affect greenhouse gases and climate change? Will urbanization and an ageing population help or hinder efforts to adapt to a warming world? And could better reproductive health care and improved relations between women and men make a difference in the fight against climate change? The linkages between population and climate change are in most cases complex and indirect. But the nature of these linkages is becoming clear enough to arrive at the key recommendations of this report for mitigating climate change and aiding adaptation to it: elicit a new level of engagement by Governments in the areas of population and development, provide access to reproductive health and actively support gender equality.

For Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, they need to transform the structure of their economy. This, in turn, requires entrepreneurship that innovates. The entrepreneurial landscape in LDCs is dominated by micro and small enterprises with low chances of survival and growth, and scant innovation. While LDCs are part of global value chains, these provide only limited opportunities of entrepreneurship development and upgrading. Most LDCs policies and programmes for entrepreneurship aim at job creation, poverty reduction and women and youth empowerment. For entrepreneurship to be a driving force towards structural transformation, policies need to target and support high-potential firms.

Gender disparities are a persistent form of inequality in every country. Despite remarkable progress in some areas, no country in the world—rich or poor—has achieved gender equality. All too often, women and girls are discriminated against in health, in education, at home and in the labour market—with negative repercussions for their freedoms. This is the time for a reality check. The commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the adoption of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (Beijing+25) provides an opportunity to reassess the path to gender equality and adjust actions to close gender gaps. The Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI) measures how social beliefs obstruct gender equality in areas like politics, work, and education, and contains data from 75 countries, covering over 80 percent of the world’s population. According to the index, about half of the world’s men and women feel that men make better political leaders, and over 40 percent feel that men make better business executives and that men have more right to a job when jobs are scarce. 28 percent think it is justified for a man to beat his wife. The publication also includes the GSNI trends for 31 countries, representing 59 percent of the global population. The trends show that while in some countries there have been improvements, in others, attitudes appear to have worsened in recent years, signaling that progress cannot be taken for granted.

À l’heure actuelle, aucun pays ne peut se prévaloir d’être entièrement inclusif et de garantir à chacun une protection et des perspectives égales, ainsi que le plein exercice de ses droits fondamentaux — pas même les pays considérés comme les plus riches et les plus développés. Parmi les droits de l’homme reconnus par la communauté internationale comme essentiels au bienêtre des individus figure le droit à la santé sexuelle et reproductive. Ce droit a été établi par 179 pays dans le Programme d’action de la Conférence internationale sur la population et le développement de 1994. Le Programme d’action affirme que le respect de la dignité et des droits individuels — y compris l’égalité des droits des femmes et des filles et l’accès universel aux soins de santé et aux droits sexuels et reproductifs — est nécessaire à la réalisation du développement durable. Toutefois, une grande partie de ces engagements ne sont toujours pas tenus. Certains des manquements les plus graves concernent les femmes et les filles qui souffrent déjà d’autres formes d’exclusion, et particulièrement de la pauvreté. Dans nombre de pays en développement, les femmes démunies se trouvant dans les 20 % inférieurs (quintile) de l’échelle de revenu, notamment celles qui vivent en milieu rural, ont bien moins de chances d’accéder à des contraceptifs et à des soins lors de la grossesse et de l’accouchement que les femmes plus aisées vivant en ville.

Under the framework of the UN Joint Global Programme on Essential Services, UN Women, together with UNODC and the IAWP, developed this handbook on gender-responsive police services to address the need for a strengthened justice sector response to violence against women and girls. The handbook is based on and complements existing global and country-specific handbooks and training materials for law enforcement. It covers areas such as prevention of violence against women and girls, gender-responsive police investigations, survivor-centred approaches, and institutional transformation within an often-complex justice system. It also provides guidance on responding to violence against women and girls during a crisis, including a pandemic.

The Global Annual Meeting of Gender Focal Points and Focal Points for Women brings the 400-strong, UN Women-led network of gender focal points together to support their ongoing work to enhance gender parity and create an enabling environmentat work. This report provides a summary of the 2020 meeting of 163 participants, in which upcoming challenges and changes to gender parity are discussed within the present- and post-COVID-19 contexts. Presenting key conclusions and best practices, the report explores, among other topics, the role of innovative ideas and improved talent acquisition, the future of work, and the effect of lockdown on the “shadow pandemic” of gender-based violence, further considering the implications of such topics on the work of gender focal points.

Attaining gender equality for and eliminating all forms of discrimination against women are fundamental human rights and United Nations values. Women around the world nevertheless regularly suffer violations of their human rights throughout their lives, and realizing women’s human rights has not always been prioritized. Indeed, achieving equality between women and men requires a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which women experience discrimination and are denied equality so as to develop appropriate strategies to eliminate such discrimination. This publication provides an introduction to women’s human rights, covering the main provisions in international human rights law and exploring particularly relevant concepts for fully understanding women’s human rights.

Attaining gender equality for and eliminating all forms of discrimination against women are fundamental human rights and United Nations values. Women around the world nevertheless regularly suffer violations of their human rights throughout their lives, and realizing women’s human rights has not always been prioritized. Indeed, achieving equality between women and men requires a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which women experience discrimination and are denied equality so as to develop appropriate strategies to eliminate such discrimination. This publication provides an introduction to women’s human rights, covering the main provisions in international human rights law and exploring particularly relevant concepts for fully understanding women’s human rights.

As violent extremist activities around the world increasingly target women and women’s rights, this training manual is designed for actors involved in the prevention and countering of such violent extremism in Europe and Central Asia. It aims to support the relevant actors, including state officials, NGOs, community activists, UN staff, and international and regional organizations, in understanding violent extremism’s gender dimensions. While women are often portrayed only as victims in the face of the sexual and gender-based violence used to terrorize communities, they are also on the frontlines of prevention and response, leading civil society organizations and bolstering social resilience. Promoting women as agents of peace recognizes and respects their contributions to and perspectives on peacebuilding and renders Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) more effective, sustainable and meaningful.

The report will look into the social, institutional, economic and legal forces that determine how much power a woman has over her body and to make her own choices, the extent to which she has access to quality, non-discriminatory information and services, and how gender inequality underpins all of these. The report will also analyze retrospective data to measure bodily autonomy for girls and draw on case studies on bodily autonomy among marginalized groups: LGBTIQ+, indigenous and disability communities. The report also reveals how serious many of the shortfalls in bodily autonomy are; many have worsened under the pressures of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic. Right now, for instance, record numbers of women and girls are at risk of gender-based violence and harmful practices such as early marriage.

O Relatório sobre a Situação da População Mundial é publicado anualmente pelo UNFPA desde 1978. A cada ano, o relatório enfoca questões de interesse da atualidade relacionadas à população e desenvolvimento.  Em 2021, o relatório aborda sobre estupro marital, esterilização forçada, teste de virginidade, mutilação genital feminina e mais. Intitulado Meu corpo me pertence: Reivindicando o direito à autonomia e à autodeterminação,  o relatório foca em autonomia ao próprio corpo: o poder e a capacidade de fazer escolhas sobre seu corpo, sem medo de violência ou de ter alguém decidindo por você. A falta de autonomia ao próprio corpo tem implicações massivas além dos danos profundos e individuais a mulheres e meninas: potencialmente diminuindo a produtividade econômica e minando habilidades. O relatório revela quão séria pode ser a falta de autonomia sobre o corpo, muitas vezes agravada com as pressões da pandemia de Covid-19. No momento, por exemplo, um número recorde de mulheres e meninas está em risco de violência de gênero e de práticas nocivas, como o casamento precoce.

Garment and footwear is one of the biggest economic sectors and is one of the industries with the highest footprint in terms of social, environmental and health impacts, mainly happening in raw material production and manufacturing in developing countries. Its value chains are both global and complex, with numerous stakeholders involved, driven by big retailers and traders, however constituted by an enormous amount of small and scattered production facilities all around the world (OECD 2017). Small brands making around half of the industry, are lacking the knowledge and resources to significantly improve their footprint. They also have little control over and transparency along their supply chains. Even when their intent is good, they lack the critical reach to effect change (BCG GFA 2017).

This report investigates the income-generating activities of women producers and traders in Kiribati and the constraints they face in production and trade activities. Research was conducted in the four islands of South Tarawa and Kiritimati as urban areas, and Arorae and Making as rural areas. Kiribati’s fragmented geographic structure and limited connectivity, narrow range of resources, high dependence on imports, and lack of economies scale – all of which are common to most small island developing States – create challenges for the expansion of the private sector and inter-island and international trade. Remoteness results in slower penetration of modern technologies and poses challenges for imports of raw materials and intermediate goods unavailable domestically. Weak business infrastructure, limited access to finance and burdensome licensing and trade procedures imply additional costs, inhibiting the development of the private sector. Policy recommendations are included that could help address the country's constraints.

In developed countries, public procurement accounts for almost 15% of gross domestic product; in some developing countries, this figure can reach as high as 40%. It is shocking that women-owned businesses account for a mere 1% of this critical sector. Women-owned businesses often cite lack of information about opportunities and requirements, complex procedures, and strict financial and qualification requirements as barriers to winning public tenders. This publication guides policymakers, procurement officers and other stakeholders on ways that they can contribute to improving women’s participation in public procurement. It provides a step-by-step guide to assess the state of their inclusion in public procurement, to identify barriers that women face, to understand policy options and procurement opportunities, to design a roadmap, and to monitor progress over time. It also features case studies from three countries at the forefront of this initiative – Chile, the Gambia and Nigeria – which are all finding solutions to these challenges.

Cette publication fournit aux agences nationales de statistiques des conseils sur la collecte, le traitement, l'analyse et la diffusion de données au niveau individuel sur la propriété d'actifs (y compris les logements, les terres et les actifs financiers) pour la production de statistiques sur le genre liées à trois objectifs : 1) mesurer l'écart d'actifs entre les sexes, ou la prévalence différentielle de la possession d'actifs par les femmes et les hommes; 2) mesurer l'écart de richesse entre les sexes, ou la part de la richesse totale détenue par les femmes; et 3) dans les ménages où plus d'un membre est interrogé, comprendre comment la propriété des actifs et la richesse sont réparties, par sexe, au sein des ménages. Elle présente les concepts, les définitions et les données requises pour mesurer la propriété et le contrôle des biens du point de vue du genre et fournit des conseils sur la planification, l'organisation et la mise en œuvre d'enquêtes auprès des ménages, ou en ajoutant un module sur la propriété des biens à une enquête auprès des ménages représentative au niveau national. Elle présente également un ensemble d'indicateurs pour le suivi de la propriété et du contrôle des femmes et des hommes sur les actifs physiques et financiers aux niveaux mondial et national, et explique comment l'analyse des données peut être utilisée pour répondre aux questions politiques pertinentes sur la propriété des actifs.

The past century has seen a transformation in women's legal rights, with countries in every region expanding the scope of women's legal entitlements. Nevertheless for many of the world's women the laws that exist on paper do not translate to equality and justice. Progress of the World's Women: In Pursuit of Justice looks at how the legal system can play a positive role in women accessing their rights, citing cases that have changed women's lives both at a local and at times global level. It also looks at the important role women have played and continue to play as agents for change within the legal system, as legislators, as lawyers, as community activists but also asks why, despite progress on legal reform, the justice system is still not delivering justice for all women. The report focuses on four key areas: legal and constitutional frameworks, the justice chain, plural legal systems and conflict and post-conflict. Drawing on tangible examples of steps that have been taken to help women access justice, the report sets out ten key recommendations for policy and decision makers to act on in order to ensure every woman is able to obtain justice.

El presente documento es el séptimo módulo del volumen 1 del manual didáctico sobre comercio y género preparado por la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD). El manual didáctico se ha elaborado con la intención de fomentar la capacidad de las autoridades responsables de la formulación de políticas, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil y la comunidad académica para evaluar los efectos de género del comercio y la política comercial y para formular políticas equitativas de género.

Migration has major impacts on both the people and the places involved. When supported by appropriate policies, migration can contribute to inclusive and sustainable development in both origin and destination countries, while also benefiting migrants and their families. The International Migration 2019: Highlights analyses global and regional levels and trends in international migration, based on the latest estimates of international migrant stock, and investigates the contribution of migration to demographic change. The highlights also discusses international migration policies and provides an overview of normative and legal frameworks on international migration and refugees.

This publication explains why gender-responsive standards are important, aiming to broaden the audience of GRS. Standards are an integral part of everything that surrounds us, from cell phones to toothbrushes, even if most consumers don’t realize it. These help ensure that products conform to safety and security requirements as well as other priorities (for the environment, for society or other). Standards aim to create consistency and reliability such that users can depend on a predictable result. Standards aim to be gender neutral; however, studies have shown that standards are very often developed for a reference individual which is based on a Caucasian man aged 25-30, weighing 70 kg (155 lbs). This androcentric approach can neglect important considerations of ages, gender, size, etc. which are often considered niche. This leaves at least half of the population – women – as not being actively considered in the setting of standards. The World Bank and the World Trade Organization underline that women and girls represent half of the potential of the world’s population and that reducing the gender gap will promote economic development. This is why a gender-responsive approach to standards and their making processes in necessary. It targets potential user groups -- government agencies and technical committee experts. It also establishes the link with other key sustainability topics.

National Trade Facilitation Committees (NTFCs) are the coordinating bodies for trade facilitation initiatives at national level. They have existed in different forms in a limited number of countries since the 1950s. This report provides an update to previous UNCTAD studies on NTFCs. It is the most extensive and inclusive NTFC publication ever made. It benefits from data from more than 130 countries, representing all continents and levels of development. The study introduces UNCTAD’s novel Sustainability Score for National Trade Facilitation Committees. This Score aims at assessing the sustainability prospects of NTFCs.

El Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) global elaborado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y la Iniciativa de Pobreza y Desarrollo Humano de Oxford mide la pobreza considerando varias privaciones experimentadas por las personas en su vida diaria, incluida la mala salud, la educación insuficiente y un bajo nivel de vivir. Este informe examina el nivel y la composición de la pobreza multidimensional en 109 países que cubren a 5900 millones de personas y presenta un desglose por etnia/raza/casta para 41 países con información disponible.

Ce manuel d'enseignement sur le commerce et le genre a été développé dans le but de renforcer la capacité des décideurs politiques, des organisations de la société civile et des universitaires à examiner les implications de genre des flux commerciaux et de la politique commerciale et de développer des politiques sensibles au genre sur le genre et le commerce. Les trois premiers modules fournissent un examen des cadres théoriques et des études empiriques sur la relation à double sens entre le genre et le commerce et sont suivis de matériels pédagogiques supplémentaires. Couvrant 47 pays de différentes régions géographiques, la publication adopte le regroupement des pays les moins avancés (PMA) selon leurs caractéristiques géographiques et structurelles. Les indicateurs économiques et sociaux sont calculés comme une moyenne pondérée pour chaque groupe de PMA et, lorsque des données sont disponibles, des moyennes régionales sont présentées pour l'Afrique subsaharienne, l'Asie du Sud, l'Asie du Sud-Est et les petits États insulaires du Pacifique ou les petits États insulaires en développement.

Esta segunda edición de Nacidos libres e iguales tiene en cuenta los avances desde la publicación de la primera edición en 2012, incluidas las decisiones de las Naciones Unidas y los organismos de derechos humanos regionales y nacionales. Establece la fuente y el alcance de las obligaciones legales de los Estados miembros con respecto a los derechos de las personas LGBTI, y también integra, por primera vez, recomendaciones con respecto a los derechos de las personas intersexuales. Está diseñado como una herramienta para los Estados, para ayudarlos a comprender mejor la naturaleza de sus obligaciones y los pasos necesarios para cumplirlas, así como para los activistas de la sociedad civil, los defensores de los derechos humanos y otros que buscan hacer que los gobiernos rindan cuentas por violaciones del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos.

There are several pathways through which energy systems are transitioning to a decarbonized, sustainable economy. The development and implementation of these technologies are being driven by innovation in a wide variety of technologies. Now that most economies are emerging, governments are focused on driving a sustainable socioeconomic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is an endemic issue which must be addressed. The energy sector is missing out on the experiences, skills, and talents of much of half the human population, which severely constrains the sustainable energy transition. In addition to a larger skilled workforce, there are several advantages in bridging the gender gap within the energy sector. Gender disparities in the energy sector have been observed around the world. Women are less represented in policymaking, corporate leadership and governance, as entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, and in the labour workforce. These barriers are surmountable using a two-way complementary approach, which is simultaneously bottom-up - action by women and society to bridge the gap of gender inequality in the energy sector – and top-down – government and policymakers need to develop policy tools to encourage women’s participation in the energy sector. This paper is summarising key findings from a report and empirical case studies of five United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) member States: Albania, Belarus, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and Uzbekistan.

This policy review considers the opportunities e-commerce offers to women-led and women-owned small enterprises in developing and least developed countries (LDCs), and the challenges such enterprises face to engage in e-commerce. While a vast literature is available on e-commerce and UNCTAD has contributed to it, looking at e-commerce through a gender lens is a more recent endeavour. This publication aims to contribute to it. It is addressed to a variety of stakeholders, but especially to policymakers, with the aim of providing guidance on how to design policies and measures that enhance women’s beneficial participation in the economy by leveraging e-commerce. Nevertheless, private sector stakeholders are encouraged to examine the findings of this policy review to determine opportunities for collaboration with government, including through public-private partnerships.

This is the official report submitted to the General Assembly by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on its Seventy-ninth session (21 June–1 July 2021), Eightieth session (18 October–12 November 2021), Eighty-first session (7–25 February 2022).

This publication is a supporting annex to the 2020 Annual Report on the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), focusing specifically on the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic and the agency's response. It highlights results achieved despite pandemic-related disruptions and shares the challenges faced and lessons learned throughout the past year, narrating how UNFPA adapted to contextual changes to continue to deliver quality results on the ground.

This report centres on the unfinished business of our time: delivering on the promise of gender equality, securing the human rights of women and girls and ensuring that their fundamental freedoms are fully realized. To address the empowerment of all women and girls and gender equality, the human development approach, rooted in capabilities, provides a conceptual framework. It pivots on enlarging opportunities for all people, equally. As progress towards gender equality stalls, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have joined forces to expand measures that guide national and international policy action, research and advocacy on the empowerment of all women and girls and gender equality. The result of this collaboration is the twin experimental gender indices in this report. The first, the new Women’s Empowerment Index, focuses on measuring women’s power and freedoms to make choices and seize opportunities in life. It is the first UN gender index to include violence against women and girls as a standalone dimension. The second, the Global Gender Parity Index, assesses the gender gap across four dimensions of human development: health, education, inclusion and decisionmaking. Together, they provide a more complete picture of countries’ progress towards women’s empowerment and gender equality. These indices are a key contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) stock-taking moment at the 2023 SDG Summit and a means of furthering efforts to achieve SDG 5 on gender equality.

The year 2020 was supposed to be momentous—in a good way. Around the globe, world leaders and women’s rights activists had planned to celebrate the anniversaries of key legal and policy innovations that have cemented women’s rights as human rights into international law, including the 25th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted those plans and may reverse many of the hard-won gains of the past two decades. Women and girls are facing acute hardships, including higher rates of poverty, increased care burdens, and greater exposure to violence. Child marriage is also projected to increase. This year’s edition of “Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The gender snapshot” brings together the latest available evidence on gender equality across all 17 Goals, underscoring the progress made, but also the progress interrupted as a result of COVID-19.

The new edition of this important periodic publication from UNESCO reviews and updates the state of science and technology around the world. It describes and quantifies the recent trends in scientific education and research and development and addresses many of the specific problems faced by each region or group of countries. Some of the most important issues in science and technology of the last few years, of interest both to the scientific community and to society at large, are discussed in the second part of the book. Among these are biodiversity, environmental degradation, the ethics of science and international cooperation in megascience. Particular attention is accorded to recent developments in the new technologies and their impact on society, with chapters on information technology, biotechnology and materials sciences and engineering. The final part is devoted to the gender dimension of science and technology. Its authors, making use of a wide variety of sources, describe the existing disparity in this field, and analyse the main social and educational barriers faced by women in gaining access to scientific careers and decision-making bodies. The World Science Report 1996 is written by an international team of widely regarded authors. It is an essential source of facts, figures and discussion information for all those who want to know how present-day science is organized and how it functions.

This year’s report focuses on the lives of migrant women. Every year millions of women working overseas send hundreds of millions of dollars in remittances back to their homes and communities. These funds go to feed and educate children, provide health care, build homes, foster small businesses and generally improve living standards for loved ones left behind. For host countries, the labour of migrant women is so embedded in the fabric of society that it goes virtually unnoticed. Migrant women toil in the households of working families, soothe the sick and comfort the elderly. They contribute their technical and professional expertise, pay taxes and quietly support a quality of life that many take for granted.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought to light, in an unprecedented way, the importance of care for the sustainability of life and the low visibility of this sector in the economies of the region, where it is still considered an externality and not a fundamental component of development. The ongoing health crisis highlights the unfair social organization of care work in Latin America and the Caribbean. There is an urgent need to consider responses to care needs from a gender perspective, since, as the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has repeatedly demonstrated, it is women who, whether paid or unpaid, bear the greatest caregiving burden.

Esta publicación presenta una visión general del nexo entre comercio y género desde una perspectiva de desarrollo. Analiza las consecuencias del comercio internacional para el empoderamiento económico y el bienestar de las mujeres y el impacto de la desigualdad de género en el comercio. Después de una breve introducción, la Sección 2 presenta qué es el género y la igualdad de género, y las diversas formas en que la economía es una estructura de género, como base para comprender cómo es probable que los cambios en el comercio y la política comercial tengan repercusiones específicas de género. La Sección 3 analiza el nexo entre el comercio y el género y ofrece una descripción general de los múltiples canales de interacción entre el comercio y el género. La Sección 4 presenta las diversas tendencias en la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la política comercial y analiza más de cerca las evaluaciones ex ante del impacto de género de los acuerdos comerciales, las disposiciones de género en los acuerdos comerciales y el comercio y el género en la Organización Mundial del Comercio.

This publication presents an overview of the trade and gender nexus from a development perspective. It looks at the consequences of international trade for women’s economic empowerment and well-being and the impact of gender inequality on trade. After a short introduction, Section 2 presents what gender and gender equality are, and the various ways in which the economy is a gendered structure, as a basis for understanding how changes in trade and trade policy are likely to have gender-specific repercussions. Sections 3 discusses the trade and gender nexus, and gives an overview of the multiple channels of interaction between trade and gender. Section 4 presents the various trends in mainstreaming gender in trade policy and looks more closely at the ex-ante gender impact assessments of trade agreements, gender provisions in trade agreements, and at trade and gender in the World Trade Organization.

El Estado de la Población Mundial 2022 abordará el tema del embarazo no deseado y analizará sus impulsores e impacto. Echaremos un vistazo a las causas y consecuencias de la necesidad insatisfecha de planificación familiar, pero también a la constelación de fuerzas que pueden conducir a un embarazo no deseado y cómo ese embarazo puede dañar la salud de una mujer o adolescente, su potencial de ingresos y más.