- الصفحة الرئيسية
- ثيمات
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الزراعة والتنمية الريفية والغابات
الزراعة والتنمية الريفية والغابات
A comprehensive and harmonized sustainable ocean-based economies classification
A review of the existing goods and services classifications has shown that ocean-based industries are included in all BPM6 CPC HS ISIC and W/120 classifications. The identification of codes that form a part of ocean-based economies is not straightforward and may thus vary from one country to another. In most cases the identification of goods and services requires substantive levels of technical and practical knowledge within each sector. As it is countries wishing to assess their ocean economy quantitatively will need to invest first in identifying relevant goods and services codes. At the global level a comprehensive cross-country assessment of the ocean economy is not yet possible. Furthermore research on ocean-based sectors has shown that their legal and institutional frameworks tend to be structured in isolation from each other. This is true particularly in the case of non-traditional sectors as they are diverse and little is known about them.
Introduction
Oceans contribute to supply oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere; absorb half of all global carbon emissions; help mitigate the impact of climate change; and determine weather patterns temperatures and water cycles (United Nations 2020). They account for 80 per cent of the planet’s biodiversity (World Economic Forum 2020) and are major contributors to food security and livelihoods; in fact about three billion people rely on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods. Oceans are also vital to the world’s economy – over 80 per cent of global trade is carried out at sea (UNCTAD 2019a). Over the years oceans have supported a wide range of economic activities and continuous innovation in traditional sectors (fisheries and transport) fast growing industries (aquaculture marine pharmacology marine research and development services) and many others (OECD 2019a).
Выражение признательности
Настоящее исследование подготовлено секретариатом ЕЭК. Работа проводилась под руководством группы специалистов по взаимосвязанной области «Устойчивое использование природных ресурсов» в которую вошли представители всех частей Секретариата. С благодарностью отмечается вклад следующих лиц.
Recommendations for the application and next step of the ocean economy classification
This classification can be used to meet a variety of closely linked objectives as outlined below.
Предисловие
Повестка дня в области устойчивого развития на период до 2030 года представляет собой масштабную и всеобъемлющую основу открывающую новые перспективы для разработки политики и международного сотрудничества. Несмотря на прогресс в ее осуществлении нынешние усилия значительно отстают в своих масштабах от того что необходимо для достижения Целей в области устойчивого развития (ЦУР) в течение предстоящих десяти лет. Важность энергичных перспективных действий направленных на достижение этих целей усиливается в контексте реагирования на пандемию COVID‑19: восстановление развития которое сделает экономики более экологичными всеохватными и сильными а общества более стойкими имеет жизненно важное значение.
Executive Summary
The ASEAN region’s rapid economic growth growing population and pace of urbanization are driving a continuing rise in energy demand. Meeting this rising demand is placing pressure on energy systems and challenging policymakers to meet energy needs while balancing commitments to global regional and national agendas on climate change and sustainable energy. Decisive action by the region’s policymakers is needed in order to transition and expand energy systems to sustainably and equitably deliver modern energy services and to stimulate socioeconomic development. The urgency of the sustainable energy transition has only become more pressing in light of the recent setbacks that nations have experienced due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Tracking the region’s progress toward achieving targets under Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) in the areas of ensuring universal access to electricity and clean cooking increasing the renewable energy share of the energy mix and accelerating energy efficiency serves to illuminate the trends and challenges leading up to 2030.
Explanatory notes
Analyses in the Asia-Pacific Countries with Special Needs Development Report are based on data and information available up to the end of March 2020.
Structural transformation and poverty reduction in Asia’s Landlocked Developing Countries
The term “structural transformation” refers to a change in the long-term composition and distribution of economic activities. More specifically it is a process of reallocating factors of production both capital and labour from one economic activity to another. While structural transformation can technically involve shifts from high to low value-added economic activities it typically brings about positive outcomes and can be defined effectively as a process of shifting from low to high value-added economic activities (ESCAP 2015; UNCTAD 2016).
The rationale for transforming the natural resource management paradigm
If prosperity is to be achieved and shared equitably the manner in which we the people collectively manage and use the natural resources of the planet will be perhaps of all performance indicators the key for measuring our collective attainment of the 2030 Agenda. Why how when and where natural resources are discovered produced consumed recovered and re-consumed and how these actions and decisions affect our climate will define more than any other activity whether or not we have succeeded.
Financing for structural transformation in Asia’s Landlocked least Developed Countries
Landlocked least developed countries – Afghanistan Bhutan the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Nepal – face particular challenges in addressing slow structural transformation and poverty reduction. Being classified as LDCs they face the typical challenge of scarce financial resources to transform their economies. They are also confronted with a greater incidence of poverty low levels of human assets and greater vulnerability to external shocks. Concerted and coordinated efforts both domestic and international at mobilising financial resources are thus necessary to advance structural changes and reduce poverty therein.
Предисловие
Пандемия COVID-19 вынудила правительства к закрытию предприятий введению карантина и ограничению мобильности и социальных контактов для сдерживания распространения коронавируса. Эти необходимые действия приостановили развитие мировой экономики. Компании несут убытки а финансовые обязательства перед поставщиками сотрудниками кредиторами и инвесторами истощают их финансовые резервы. Снижение ожиданий по доходам ухудшило прогнозные показатели покрытия процентных выплат и коэффициентов рентабельности.
Резюме
Микро- малые и средние предприятия (ММСП) широко представлены в секторах затронутых COVID-19 – это транспорт производство строительство оптовая и розничная торговля воздушный транспорт услуги по размещению и питанию недвижимость профессиональные услуги и прочие услуги для населения. Еще до начала пандемии COVID-19 ММСП работающие в секторах энергоэффективности и возобновляемых источников энергии внедряли инициативы в области инноваций экономики замкнутого цикла «зеленого» и устойчивого развития. Однако как со стороны преддложения так и со стороны спроса ММСП серьезно пострадали от пандемии:
Executive Summary
Policymakers governments officials industry leaders financiers academics researchers and the public in general have concerns on the best actions required to tackle global challenges including climate change environmental degradation and natural resource use. Stakeholders are hampered by the lack of a common vocabulary and harmonized tools that can help them act effectively efficiently and coherently on a host of issues related to sustainable resource management.